Key takeaways

• Roman elite homes were richly decorated, with decoration being a common aspect rather than something special.
• The concept of working outside the home is a relatively modern development; historically, work was home-based.
• Navigation in ancient Roman cities relied heavily on social interactions rather than formal addresses or maps.
• Many Roman cities faced sanitation challenges due to a lack of public latrines.
• Despite advanced infrastructure, Roman cities struggled with sanitation due to high population density.
• Jewish homes in ancient times could often be identified by the presence of a mikvah, though poorer homes might lack one.
• The adoption of Christianity among the wealthy was slow, taking decades after Constantine’s support.
• Christianity spread unevenly, with rural areas remaining largely non-Christian for centuries.
• There was a significant gap between what bishops preached and what ordinary Christians practiced.
• In the Greco-Roman world, religious belief was more about ritual practices than doctrinal adherence.
• The economic lives of ordinary Romans were complex and integral to the functioning of the empire.
• Ancient Roman cities were social hubs where human interaction was key to daily life.
• The spread of Christianity involved complex social and geographical dynamics.
• Roman urban planning included advanced infrastructure but faced limitations due to density.
• Religious practices in ancient times were diverse, reflecting a wide range of beliefs and rituals.

Guest intro

Kim Bowes is a professor of archaeology and ancient history at the University of Pennsylvania. She is the author of Surviving Rome: The Economic Lives of the Ninety Percent, published by Princeton University Press, which examines the economic lives of ordinary Romans through archaeology, numismatics, and material culture.

The ubiquity of decoration in Roman elite homes

• Roman elite homes were lavishly decorated, with decoration being an integral part of the living space.

• I think that’s another thing that might surprise us right we would see that decoration as somehow being special and fenced off… everything is sort of encrusted with some sort of decoration everything is used in ways that I think would really surprise us too.

  — Kim Bowes

• The use of decoration in Roman homes contrasts with modern views of decoration as something exclusive.
• Decoration in Roman homes was not restricted to certain areas but was a common feature throughout.
• This approach to decoration reflects broader cultural norms of the Roman elite.
• The integration of decoration into daily life challenges contemporary notions of space and aesthetics.
• Roman homes served as both living spaces and displays of wealth and status.
• The extensive use of decoration highlights the importance of visual culture in Roman society.

Work and home life in historical context

• The idea of working outside the home is a modern concept, with historical work being home-centered.

• I think that’s another thing that would surprise us most about this world is the idea of going off to work is entirely a you know probably a nineteenth century idea and prior to that for all of human history work was in the space of the home.

  — Kim Bowes

• This historical perspective challenges contemporary work-life separation.
• Work within the home was a norm for most of human history, influencing family and social dynamics.
• The shift to external workplaces marks a significant change in societal norms.
• Understanding historical work practices provides insight into the evolution of economic systems.
• Home-based work was integral to the economic structure of ancient societies.
• The transition to external workplaces reflects broader industrial and societal changes.

Navigating ancient Roman cities

• Navigation in ancient Roman cities relied on asking people for directions rather than using maps.

• You just have to get there somehow and you know what people use they use other humans right that’s how you navigate your way around an ancient city.

  — Kim Bowes

• This reliance on social interaction contrasts with modern navigation technologies.
• Ancient cities lacked formal addresses, emphasizing the importance of community knowledge.
• Social networks played a crucial role in urban navigation and daily life.
• The absence of maps highlights the adaptability and resourcefulness of ancient urban dwellers.
• Understanding ancient navigation methods provides insight into the social fabric of Roman cities.
• The reliance on human interaction for navigation reflects broader cultural and social norms.

Sanitation challenges in Roman cities

• Many Roman cities lacked public latrines, leading to significant sanitation issues.

• There are public latrines that you could go out and use but even those are not present in an awful lot of cities as far as we can tell.

  — Kim Bowes

• Despite advanced infrastructure, high density made sanitation a persistent problem.

• On the one hand it has some of the most advanced and they put so much energy and treasure into things like public infrastructure like sewers and drains and at the same time right these are incredibly dense unprecedentedly dense spaces and so getting on top of the poop problem is a kind of insurmountable problem.

  — Kim Bowes

• The lack of sanitation facilities impacted public health and urban living conditions.
• Roman cities invested heavily in infrastructure but faced limitations due to population density.
• Understanding sanitation challenges provides insight into the complexities of urban life in ancient times.
• The contrast between infrastructure and sanitation highlights the challenges of urban planning.

Identifying Jewish homes in ancient times

• Jewish homes were often identified by the presence of a mikvah, though poorer homes might lack one.

• I would say are distinguished mostly by the presence or absence of one of those ritual baths and again if you’re a poor working jewish family you probably don’t have one of those anyway.

  — Kim Bowes

• The presence of a mikvah reflects cultural and religious practices within Jewish communities.
• Identifying Jewish homes provides insight into the diversity of cultural practices in ancient times.
• The absence of a mikvah in poorer homes highlights economic disparities within communities.
• Understanding the significance of a mikvah is crucial for studying ancient Jewish life.
• The presence of a mikvah serves as a cultural marker within archaeological studies.
• The identification of Jewish homes contributes to broader discussions of cultural and religious identity.

The slow adoption of Christianity among the elite

• Christianity took decades to gain acceptance among the wealthy after Constantine’s support.

• It takes a good fifty years if not longer for christian rich people or for rich people to really say okay we’re gonna go along with this new religion.

  — Kim Bowes

• The slow adoption challenges assumptions about rapid religious conversion.
• Wealthy individuals were initially hesitant to embrace Christianity despite imperial endorsement.
• The gradual acceptance reflects broader social and cultural dynamics of the time.
• Understanding the elite’s adoption of Christianity provides insight into religious and social change.
• The slow conversion process highlights the complexities of religious transformation.
• The elite’s eventual acceptance of Christianity marked a significant shift in societal norms.

Regional disparities in the spread of Christianity

• Many countryside areas remained non-Christian for centuries after Constantine.

• You went to the countryside you find very few christians at all for at least two hundred years.

  — Kim Bowes

• The uneven spread of Christianity highlights regional differences in religious adherence.
• Rural areas were slower to adopt Christianity compared to urban centers.
• The persistence of non-Christian beliefs in the countryside reflects cultural continuity.
• Understanding regional disparities provides insight into the spread of early Christianity.
• The slow spread of Christianity in rural areas challenges narratives of rapid religious change.
• The geographical spread of Christianity involved complex social and cultural dynamics.

Divergence between bishops and lay beliefs

• There was a significant gap between what bishops wanted Christians to believe and lay practices.

• One of the big changes that we’ve realized as we’ve looked more critically at the sources over the last twenty thirty forty years is that what bishops wanted christians to believe versus what christian ordinary people actually believed were two very different things.

  — Kim Bowes

• This divergence highlights the complexities of early Christian belief systems.
• Bishops’ teachings often differed from the practices of ordinary Christians.
• Understanding this gap provides insight into the evolution of Christian practices.
• The divergence reflects broader tensions between ecclesiastical authority and grassroots belief.
• The gap between bishops and lay beliefs challenges assumptions about religious uniformity.
• Analyzing this divergence sheds light on the historical development of Christianity.

Ritual practices in the Greco-Roman world

• In the Greco-Roman world, belief was more about ritual practices than doctrinal adherence.

• We know that people in the greco roman world who believed in the traditional pantheon of deities above all were less interested in belief and more interested in what you did right they were practicers.

  — Kim Bowes

• Ritual practices were central to religious life in the Greco-Roman context.
• Understanding ritual practices provides insight into cultural and religious dynamics.
• The focus on rituals challenges modern notions of belief as primarily doctrinal.
• Rituals played a key role in shaping belief systems in the ancient world.
• The emphasis on practices reflects broader cultural norms of the time.
• Studying ritual practices offers a window into the religious life of ancient societies.