Barry Silbert’s Digital Currency Group just lost a major legal battle. A federal judge has denied DCG’s motion to dismiss key fraud claims in a class action lawsuit, meaning investors who allege they were deceived about a massive insolvency can now move forward with their case.

US District Judge Stefan R. Underhill ruled that claims under both the Securities Act of 1933 and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 can proceed. The judge also lifted the discovery stay under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act, which means plaintiffs can now start digging through DCG’s books.

The $1.1 billion promissory note at the center of it all

When Three Arrows Capital collapsed in 2022, it left DCG’s lending subsidiary Genesis Global Capital holding a massive bag. Plaintiffs allege that DCG and Silbert concealed this $1.1 billion debt exposure through what they describe as a sham transaction involving a promissory note.

DCG tried to frame the arrangement as a straightforward loan transaction, essentially arguing there was nothing unusual about the promissory note exchange. Judge Underhill wasn’t buying it. The court rejected that characterization, siding with investors who claim the transaction was designed to obscure Genesis’s true financial condition from the people who had money parked in its lending products.

Genesis Yield gets the securities treatment

Judge Underhill classified the Genesis Yield lending program as a security, applying the Supreme Court’s Howey and Reves tests to determine that the product met the criteria of an investment contract.

The Howey test, established in 1946, asks whether an arrangement involves an investment of money in a common enterprise with an expectation of profits derived from the efforts of others. The Reves test similarly examines whether a financial instrument should be treated as a security based on factors like the motivations of the buyer and seller. The court determined that Genesis Yield checked those boxes.

The New York Attorney General has linked over $3 billion in losses to Gemini Earn and other DCG-affiliated programs. Genesis itself has filed separate lawsuits against DCG seeking billions in alleged fraudulent transfers.

What discovery could uncover

Under the PSLRA, discovery in securities fraud cases is typically frozen until a motion to dismiss is resolved. Now that DCG’s motion has been denied on the federal claims, plaintiffs’ attorneys can start requesting internal documents, communications, and financial records.

The judge did dismiss certain state law claims, though he allowed those to be refiled. The federal claims survived intact.

What this means for investors

The Genesis Yield classification as a security creates a template that regulators and plaintiffs’ attorneys will almost certainly reference in future cases. Any platform offering yield-bearing products where users deposit assets and rely on the platform’s trading or lending activities to generate returns should be paying close attention.

The competitive landscape for crypto lending has already been reshaped by the collapses of 2022, with Genesis, Celsius, Voyager, and BlockFi all going down within months of each other. Between this class action, the Genesis lawsuits seeking billions in alleged fraudulent transfers, and the New York Attorney General’s enforcement actions tied to over $3 billion in losses, DCG’s legal exposure is substantial and growing.